3/25/2023 0 Comments Asp worml length![]() ![]() The ES products are a mixture of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates that are secreted from the parasite oral orifice or outer surfaces and represent the main boundary between the helminth parasites and their hosts. Helminth key molecules comprise those present at the parasite external surface and the excretory/secretory (ES) products. Sequelae of hookworm-associated chronic IDA include impaired physical and cognitive developments in children and raised perinatal maternal/infant mortalities in pregnant women. Chronic IDA affects all ages, but it is principally deleterious to persons with low iron stores (children and women of childbearing age). However, the principal clinical symptom of hookworm disease is iron deficiency anemia (IDA) because of blood losses. Hookworm-associated clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and protein malnutrition, commonly occur. Most human hookworm infections are caused by Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. This disease resulted in four million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and up to USD139 billion annual economic productivity losses. These blood-feeding nematodes cause one of the most debilitating neglected tropical disease called hookworm disease. Hookworms are soil-transmitted intestinal nematodes that infect nearly 500 million people in tropical regions of South America, Africa and Asia. This review aims to summarize our present knowledge about hookworm ES products, including their role in parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and as vaccine and pharmaceutical targets and to identify research gaps and future research directions in this field. Several of these products represent promising vaccine targets for controlling hookworm disease and therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. These events include host invasion and tissue migration, parasite nourishment and reproduction, and immune modulation. Hookworm ES products, with distinct structures and functions, have been linked to many essential events in the disease pathogenesis. Although the molecular cloning and characterization of hookworm ES products began 25 years ago, the biological role and molecular nature of many of them are still unclear. Numerous molecules, named excretory/secretory (ES) products, are secreted by hookworm adults and/or larvae to aid in parasite survival and pathobiology. Adult hookworms survive for many years in the host intestine, where they suck blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition. Hookworm infection is a major public health problem that threatens about 500 million people throughout tropical areas of the world. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |